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Over the years, however, Russia increasingly came to dominate the Cossacks. Thus, in exchange for some military obligations, the Cossacks had restored some of their autonomy-in the short term.
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Otherwise, the chief ruler, or hetman (ataman), of the Cossack army had a free hand in foreign policy. The Russian throne reserved the right to approve Cossacks’ negotiations with the Poles and the Turks, the peoples with whom Russian relations were the most sensitive. Internally, the Cossacks regained a greater degree of their cherished liberties under the Russians than they had known under the Poles. The Russians likewise used the Cossacks first as defenders of the Russian frontier and later as advance guards for the territorial extension of the Russian Empire. Threatened by Polish domination, the Zaporozhian Cossacks signed a treaty with Russia in 1654, under which their autonomy was to be respected. Throughout the 16th century and the first half of the 17th, those Cossacks retained their political autonomy, briefly forming a semi-independent state under Bohdan Khmelnytsky ( c. Polish kings in the early 16th century began to organize the Zaporozhian Cossacks into military colonies to protect Poland’s borders. In the 16th century there were six major Cossack hosts: the Don, the Greben (in Caucasia), the Yaik (on the middle Ural River), the Volga, the Dnieper, and the Zaporozhian (mainly west of the Dnieper). The term was also applied (by the end of the 15th century) to peasants who had fled from serfdom in Poland, Lithuania, and Muscovy to the Dnieper and Don regions, where they established free self-governing military communities. Originally (in the 15th century) the term referred to semi-independent Tatar groups, which formed in the Dnieper region. They had a tradition of independence and finally received privileges from the Russian government in return for military services.
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